I've been doing exception handling with perl in the way most people expect
eval { code that might throw an exception };
if( $@ ) {
handle the issue
}
This code tends to be a bit fragile when it comes to deciphering particular type of failure. Was it a "file not found" error? You can do a simple regex to find out. However, what if error messages are localized? Ugh.
It wasn't until recently that I truly learned the power of "exceptions as objects" in programming. In particular, its usage in a web framework.
I can't really take the credit for this. It comes from my fellow Catalyst developer Christian Hansen and his Isotope code.
If you've browsed that last link, you should notice something. It looks a lot like an HTTP response. That was kind of a mind blowing concept to me. This means that we can throw exceptions that aren't necessarily fatal, but, uh, exceptional in some manner for lack of a better word -- all the while staying in the HTTP world.
package MyApp::Exceptions;
use strict;
use warnings;
BEGIN {
$Catalyst::Exception::CATALYST_EXCEPTION_CLASS = 'MyApp::Exception';
my %classes = (
'MyApp::Exception' => {
description => 'Generic exception',
fields => [ qw( headers status status_message payload ) ],
alias => 'throw'
},
'MyApp::Exception::FileNotFound' => {
isa => 'MyApp::Exception',
description => '404 - File Not Found',
},
'MyApp::Exception::AccessDenied' => {
isa => 'MyApp::Exception',
description => '401 - Access Denied',
},
);
my @exports = grep { defined } map { $classes{ $_ }->{ alias } } keys %classes;
require Exception::Class;
require Sub::Exporter;
Exception::Class->import(%classes);
Sub::Exporter->import( -setup => { exports => \@exports } );
}
package MyApp::Exception;
use strict;
use warnings;
no warnings 'redefine';
use HTTP::Headers ();
use HTTP::Status ();
use Scalar::Util qw( blessed );
sub headers {
my $self = shift;
my $headers = $self->{headers};
unless ( defined $headers ) {
return undef;
}
if ( blessed $headers && $headers->isa('HTTP::Headers') ) {
return $headers;
}
if ( ref $headers eq 'ARRAY' ) {
return $self->{headers} = HTTP::Headers->new( @{ $headers } );
}
if ( ref $headers eq 'HASH' ) {
return $self->{headers} = HTTP::Headers->new( %{ $headers } );
}
MyApp::Exception->throw(
message => qq(Can't coerce a '$headers' into a HTTP::Headers instance.)
);
}
sub status {
return $_[0]->{status} ||= 500;
}
sub is_info {
return HTTP::Status::is_info( $_[0]->status );
}
sub is_success {
return HTTP::Status::is_success( $_[0]->status );
}
sub is_redirect {
return HTTP::Status::is_redirect( $_[0]->status );
}
sub is_error {
return HTTP::Status::is_error( $_[0]->status );
}
sub is_client_error {
return HTTP::Status::is_client_error( $_[0]->status );
}
sub is_server_error {
return HTTP::Status::is_server_error( $_[0]->status );
}
sub status_line {
return sprintf "%s %s", $_[0]->status, $_[0]->status_message;
}
sub status_message {
return $_[0]->{status_message} ||= HTTP::Status::status_message( $_[0]->status );
}
my %messages = (
400 => 'Browser sent a request that this server could not understand.',
401 => 'The requested resource requires user authentication.',
403 => 'Insufficient permission to access the requested resource on this server.',
404 => 'The requested resource was not found on this server.',
405 => 'The requested method is not allowed.',
500 => 'The server encountered an internal error or misconfiguration and was unable to complete the request.',
501 => 'The server does not support the functionality required to fulfill the request.',
);
sub public_message {
return $messages{ $_[0]->status } || 'An error occurred.';
}
sub as_public_html {
my $self = shift;
my $title = shift || $self->status_line;
my $header = shift || $self->status_message;
my $message = shift || $self->public_message;
return <
$title
$header
$message
EOF
}
sub has_headers {
return defined $_[0]->{headers} ? 1 : 0;
}
sub has_payload {
return defined $_[0]->{payload} && length $_[0]->{payload} ? 1 : 0;
}
sub has_status_message {
return defined $_[0]->{status_message} ? 1 : 0;
}
sub full_message {
my $self = shift;
my $message = $self->message;
if ( $self->has_payload ) {
$message .= sprintf " %s.", $self->payload;
}
return $message;
}
package MyApp::Exception::FileNotFound;
sub status {
return $_[0]->{status} ||= 404;
}
package MyApp::Exception::AccessDenied;
sub status {
return $_[0]->{status} ||= 401;
}
1;
Now to use the classes and handle exceptions.
package MyApp;
# ...
use MyApp::Exceptions;
use Scalar::Util ();
# ...
sub finalize {
my ( $c ) = shift;
$c->handle_exception if @{ $c->error };
$c->NEXT::finalize( @_ );
}
sub handle_exception {
my( $c ) = @_;
my $error = $c->error->[ 0 ];
if( !Scalar::Util::blessed( $error ) or !$error->isa( 'MyApp::Exception' ) ) {
$error = MyApp::Exception->new( message => "$error" );
}
# handle debug-mode forced-debug from RenderView
if( $c->debug && $error->message =~ m{^forced debug} ) {
return;
}
$c->clear_errors;
if ( $error->is_error ) {
$c->response->headers->remove_content_headers;
}
if ( $error->has_headers ) {
$c->response->headers->merge( $error->headers );
}
# log the error
if ( $error->is_server_error ) {
$c->log->error( $error->as_string );
}
elsif ( $error->is_client_error ) {
$c->log->warn( $error->as_string ) if $error->status =~ /^40[034]$/;
}
if( $error->is_redirect ) {
# recent Catalyst will give us a default body for redirects
if( $error->can( 'uri' ) ) {
$c->response->redirect( $error->uri( $c ) );
}
return;
}
$c->response->status( $error->status );
$c->response->content_type( 'text/html; charset=utf-8' );
$c->response->body(
$c->view( 'HTML' )->render( $c, 'error.tt', { error => $error } )
);
# processing the error has bombed. just send it back plainly.
$c->response->body( $error->as_public_html ) if $@;
}
$SIG{ __DIE__ } = sub {
return if Scalar::Util::blessed( $_[ 0 ] );
MyApp::Exception->throw( message => join '', @_ );
};
That's a fair bit of code, but it's pretty straight-forward. We've added a __DIE__ handler to convert string-based exceptions to our object, and we also, make sure we get the type of object we expect near the top of our error handling routine. RenderView has a special debug-mode exception that we want to pass through.
The rest of the code preps the response. A redirect is basically passed through, everything else is rendered via a template (which could be customized in our exception if we wanted to add that bit of logic). There's even a little fallback mechanism in case template rendering is where our problems lie.
As a quick-n-dirty usage example, we can throw exceptions quite simply:
MyApp::Exception::FileNotFound->throw( message => "Widget $id not found." );
Nice!
I hope you've found this bit of code as interesting as i have.